![]() Finally, in a community based sample of 605 pairs of twins age 10 years, Zurnberge et al. Similarly, in a sample of 440 twins age 8 to 18, Gayán and Olsen ( Gayan & Olson, 2003) reported heritability estimates of 80% or higher for 4 different measures of reading performance (e.g., word recognition, phonological decoding). ![]() ( Harlaar, Dale, & Plomin, 2007) reported that genetic factors accounted for approximately 60% of the variance in teacher-rated reading achievement at ages 7, 9 and 10. For example, in a sample of more than 4000 pairs of British twins assessed longitudinally, Harlaar et al. Analysis of twin samples unselected for reading problems have generally reported similar findings of strong heritable effects. Analysis of twin samples selected for reading problems or disability (reviewed by Grigorenko, 2004) indicate that roughly 50-70% of variance in reading problems is associated with genetic factors. There is a substantial and consistent behavior-genetic literature implicating the existence of genetic influences on reading abilities and disability. Finally, we explore whether the reading ability and education level of parents moderates the degree to which genetics, or the shared environment, shape the reading ability of their offspring. We estimate the degree to which genetics versus the shared environment (which comprises family context, neighborhoods, schools, etc.) contribute to reading achievement and reading disability. The present study is an attempt to further understand individual differences in reading achievement and the etiology of reading disability. Reading disability is characterized by “reading achievement…that falls substantially below that expected given the individual’s chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education” ( DSM-IV-TR, p.51). Further, reading disability (or “Reading Disorder”, American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR, 2000) is not rare, affecting around 4% of school-age children in the U.S. Yet, individuals vary with respect to their level of reading ability. In conclusion, today, Jonas and Joseph communicate with each other on a daily basis, and they have even published a book about their unbelievable experiences of finding a carbon duplicate 6000 miles away.Reading is without question an important academic skill. Currently, the two twins are aware that they were separated at birth in a French airport on November 3, 1989. ![]() One year down the line, the twins decided to take a DNA test together to determine if indeed, they were a match and to their surprise, the results were positive. For this reason, they planned for a one-hour Skype call, but instead, they spoke for four hours. In his response, Jonas wrote back, “Monaco, France” To his surprise, Joseph could not believe that they shared the same location with Jonas. Ideally, the prompt “a set of long lost twins that end up finding themselves later in life” consists of the I do not want to be too Lindsay Lohan, but how to put it I was wondering where you were born?…. Moreover, research posits that every existent individual has a person, who he/she resembles. ![]() Conversely, fraternal twins do not share the same fingerprint pattern like their identical counterparts. According to Biological studies, identical twins share the same fingerprint pattern because their hormones are the same. Statistics illustrate that 22 percent of people living in the world are either fraternal or identical twins. In this exposition, I chose the prompt “A set of long lost twins that end up finding themselves later in life.” Primarily, the resemblance between two people has always fascinated people.
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